Why Bengalis Have A Thriving Modern History Of Autobiography Writing

I treat almost everything as lies and false. I have considered my own sincerity as the greatest deception and doubted it the most. If I liked a particular dawn, or if a sunset behind a fort charmed me, I put an arm around my own shoulder, 바카라�Really? Or have you learnt it from books?바카라� I asked. 바카라�Or, are you feeling good because that바카라�s the norm?바카라�

The quote is from Bengali novelist Sandipan Chattopadhyay바카라�s iconic short story, 바카라�Kritodas Kritodasi바카라� (Slave Men and Women), published in 1961. Chattopadhyay belonged to the Krittibas group, the first major literary movement in postcolonial, post-Partition Bengal. It is from the 1950s that autobiographical writing became popular among Bengali writers, looking for plots in their own lives rather than creating them with imagination, observation of social and political life or historical research.

Chattopadhyay influenced several next-generation writers, who ventured into autobiographical writing, powerful novelists Udayan Ghosh and Ajit Ray among them. In an essay on him, titled 바카라�Asamanya Sandipan바카라�, poet Sankha Ghosh, a Jnanpith awardee, wrote that it was scary to be in conversation with Chattopadhyay, as one could find himself in his story or novel any day. Autobiographical writing in Bengali began with Jiban Smriti, published in 1912, which Rabindranath Tagore wrote giving a first-person account of the first 25 years of his life. Tagore preferred calling it a memoir over an autobiography. Nevertheless, it served as the pioneer of autobiographical writing in Bengali literature.

Among other major works of the colonial era, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay바카라�s four-part Srikanta, published between 1917 and 1933, has also been considered autobiographical, though it deals more with external or social events than emotions and psychology. Bibhuti Bhushan Bandyopadhyay바카라�s Apu trilogy바카라�Pather Panchali (1921) and the two-part Aparajito (1938)바카라�has been considered by critics as autobiographical, so has been the case with Manik Bandyopadhyay바카라�s Putul Nacher Itikatha (1936) and Diba Ratrir Kabya (1935). The central character in these works was the writer himself, many readers believed. Manik, however, had described Diba Ratrir Kabya as metaphorical.  Premankur Atorthy바카라�s fictionalised autobiography, Mahasthabir Jatak (1944), is considered a landmark literary work. Another important work in this genre is Atin Bandyopadhyay바카라�s Nilkantha Pakhir Khoje, set against the backdrop of pre-Partition riots in Kolkata.

Observing one바카라�s interior more than the exterior became a trend since the 1950s. Kicked off by the Krittibas group, the trend expanded with the Hungry Generation movement of the 1960s and was rooted deeper after the 1970s, with the beginning of the posthumous publication of Jibananda Das바카라� novels. Das, who died in 1954, emerged as the greatest exponent of the autobiographical novel in Bengali literature, with classics like Malyaban and Saphalata바카라�Nishphalata.

In Malyaban, the story of the pathetic marital life of a couple, the names and occupations of the characters are different. However, readers and researchers took it to be a story of his own life. Bhumendra Guha, credited for publishing all of Das바카라� unpublished novels and stories, had recalled that Das바카라� wife, Labanya, objected to the publication of Malyaban, perhaps sensing that it would leave a bad impression about her in the public mind.

Why Das did not publish any of his novels remained a mystery. The possibility of trying to avoid unwanted disturbance in his personal life might have been a reason. Researchers have found a letter in which he offered a publisher a novel on the condition that it will have to be published under a pseudonym. 바카라�All great writers use autobiographical elements to a certain extent. In Bengali literature, the autobiographical references are quite evident, in Bibhuti Bhushan, for instance. Sandipan Chattopadhyay바카라�s writings were more directly autobiographical. However, the greatest exponent of this genre is certainly Jibananda Das,바카라� film and literary critic Sanjoy Mukhopadhyay, a former Professor at Jadavpur University, tells Outlook.

According to Mukhopadhyay, the Partition caused a major shift in Bengali literary trends during the 1950s. 바카라�Partition demolished the 19th-century Bengali identity and writers were plagued by the question of identity바카라�who am I, where am I? So, individual lives came to the foreground as writers sought to self-locate,바카라� he says.  Mukhopadhyay also alludes to a new trend of autobiographical writing from among the non-elite, Dalit community, from the 1980s and 1990s, with works like Ramchandra Pramanik바카라�s Hathak Darpan, the writings of Nalini Bera and those of Manoranjan Byapari in recent years. 바카라�All these writings have come from an urge for self-location,바카라� he adds.

The trend in the early postcolonial period recorded the emergence of the confessional mode in autobiographical writing. There were some Western influences behind this. Chattopadhyay was deeply influenced by the Algerian바카라�French novelist Albert Camus. 바카라�A guilty conscience needs to confess. A work of art is a confession바카라� was one of his favourite Camus quotes. On the other hand, his more famous friend in the Krittibas group, Sunil Gangopadhyay, was influenced by the US Beat Generation writer Jack Kerouac바카라�s novel On the Road.  By contrast, autobiographical works of Ashapurna Devi had no western influence. Though fictionalised, her famous Satyabati trilogy, Prothom Protishruti (1964), Subarnalata (1966) and Bokulkatha (1973), is widely considered to be made of real-life stories. The trilogy dealt with family life of women in middle-class, conservative Bengali Hindu families and their self-discoveries.

Gangopadhyay바카라�s first novel Atmaprakash was published in 1966. The writer adopted the autobiographical style, writing in first person, the protagonist being named Sunil. However, it was also fictionalised, according to Gangopadhyay바카라�s own account in Ardhek Jiban (Half a Life). Some critics opine that Gangopadhyay took from Kerouac only descriptions of the bohemian lives Kerouac and his Beat Generation friends led but not the confessional characteristics.

Malay Roychoudhury, a Hungry Generation writer who appeared in Atmaprakash as Poritosh, wrote, 바카라�In Atmaprakash, Sunil Gangopadhyay, instead of telling the story, is suffering from doubts over whether to write a 바카라�boy-meets-girl바카라� type of entertainer or one on the bohemian lives of friends, as in Kerouac바카라�s On The Road; he did not try to investigate the shadows. Therefore, it became neither Mills & Boon nor Kerouac.바카라� The theme of travel with friends returned in Gangopadhyay바카라�s writing with his 1968 novel Aranyer Din Ratri, which Satyajit Ray later turned into his eponymous 1970 film. This was about a trip that Gangopadhyay took with his friends바카라�Sandipan, poet Shakti Chattopadhyay and writer Dipak Majumdar. However, Sandipan said it was mostly made up and went on to write a novel based on his own version of the trip, Jangoler Dinratri, a counter-narrative to Gangopadhyay바카라�s novel and Ray바카라�s film.

Chattopadhyay, too, has been accused of speaking half-truths, with some critics finding him to be more self-obsessed than self-critical. Udayan Ghosh was much braver than Chattopadhyay in this undressing of the self and uncovering of the darker human sides, many readers have felt. Even as Ghosh blended the genre of autobiographical writing with magic realism, his references to himself were more often than not quite direct and tragi-comic.  Roychoudhury and other Hungry Generation writers, such as poets Falguni Roy and Pradip Choudhuri and short-story writer Basudeb Dasgupta, took confessional writing more honestly. In Dasgupta바카라�s short stories, his self-mockery and uncovering of his hidden sides leave the protagonist not as a hero but a subject of laughter and pity.

Speaking of counter-narrative, Maitreyi Devi바카라�s Naw Honyote cannot be missed. Romanian writer Mircea Eliade had based his 1933 novel, La Nuit Bengali, on his romantic affair with the young Maitreyi during his stay in Calcutta.

Reading its translation many years later, Maitreyi, a poet of repute, found Eliade바카라�s account coloured. She penned her own account, Naw Honyote, which was published in 1972. It has become a trend among readers to read them both together, one after the other.

(This appeared in the print edition as "Undressing the Self")