When Syrian President Bashar-al-Assad came to India on a state visit in the summer of 2008, it was the fate of monarÂchs in the Indian neighbourhood바카라”in Nepal and Bhutan바카라”that was dominating headlines; few would have portended trouble for Damascus. Yet, soon after, the Syrian president began to witness a series of fast-paced events that threatened both his regime and the geographical integrity of his country. It began a process where Al Qaeda was pushed to the background by the rising, more virulent Islamic State, a force that created mayhem in the Middle East, sparked a refugee crisis and threatened the West by appÂealing to thousands of its citizens.