Strait Of Uncertainty

That the current US administration has no use for volumes of history is another matter, but past experience shows imposing 바카라�crippling sanctions바카라� to force adv­ersarial nations to fall in line has seldom worked for American presidents. Armed interventions, too, send out dire warnings across the years. Afg­hanistan and Iraq are two notable exa­mples, where strong-arm tactics had backfired devastatingly, eff­ects of which blight the region still.

As US President Donald Trump and his team of hawkish advisors ratchet up war rhetoric on Iran after the downing of an US surveillance drone by the Iranian Revo­luti­o­n­ary Guard Corps바카라�an incident pre­­c­eded by attacks on several oil tankers from unidentified sources in the Persian Gulf바카라�policy planners across the world are watching the developments with trepidation and a touch of scepticism.

More than one-fifth of the world바카라�s oil passes through the Straits of Hormuz바카라�the 39 km-wide choke point that passes from the Persian Gulf to the Straits of Oman on to the Indian Ocean바카라�making the region바카라�s stability and security a global issue. The current turmoil has already started affecting oil prices, pushing it up to $65 dollars a barrel. The fear is, it could rise further and growing tension could affect the uninterrupted supply of oil.

The Trump administration has put Iran under sanctions (top Iranian military and civilian leaders were also specifically targeted by sanctions after the drone incident) and used its economic clout with other countries to stop them from buying Iranian oil to choke Tehran. India is one of the eight countries that have been prevented from buying oil from Iran­바카라�New Delhi바카라�s third largest supplier.

India could be one of the worst affected countries if the situation deteriora­tes바카라�the Gulf is its major source for oil and home to over seven million Indians. The annual remittance they send helps in pay­­ing a substantial part of the country바카라�s oil bill; it contributes to the live­­li­hood and welfare of millions of Indian families.

For India, it is crucial to have good relations with Iran. Their engagement goes bey­ond energy, as they cooperate on the Chabahar port that allows India access to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Moreover, if Delhi moves away from Tehran, it all­ows the latter to iron out its differences with Pakistan and build a stronger relation바카라�something not in India바카라�s interest.

바카라�The ongoing uncertainty has already started adding pressure on the price of oil. Any deterioration will make the situation worse for us,바카라� says former Indian diplomat Navtej Sarna, who was India바카라�s ambassador to both Iran and the US.

US secretary of State Mike Pompeo, one of Trump바카라�s close advisors on Iran spent June 26 in New Delhi, meeting his Indian counterpart S. Jaishankar, before calling on PM Narendra Modi. The two sides dis­­cussed bilateral, regional and some of the looming global challenges. Presu­mably, it also allowed some clarity on Iran.

A possible Trump-Modi meeting on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Tokyo at the end of June is being worked out that would allow the two leaders to reaffirm their commitment to further strengthen India-US relations.

Former diplomat Talmiz Ahmad feels that India should forcibly make its position known to the US. 바카라�India is a str­ong country and it is about time it comes out of the American yoke and tell it clearly how its policy in the Persian Gulf was damaging Indian interest,바카라� he says.

The nub of the problem is over the 2015 nuclear agreement that Iran had signed with the US and other Western nations. Formally known as the Joint Compre­hensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), it put Iran바카라�s nuclear facilities under international scrutiny and addressed widespread concerns about an Iranian nuclear bomb. In exchange, the agreement assured the lifting of US and other sanctions on Iran, allowing it to resume trade and commerce to strengthen its ailing economy.

But Trump, who had rubbished the agreement as the 바카라�worst deal바카라� even during his presidential election campaign, withdrew from the JCPOA that his predecessor Barack Obama had signed on in May 2018. The situation, however, worsened further from May 8, 2019, the first anniversary of the US withdrawal from the Plan of Action, when Trump decided to reimpose sanctions on Iran. Soon after, four oil tankers (including two Saudi ships) were attacked in the Gulf of Oman by unidentified sou­rces that the US and its allies suspected to be Iranian 바카라�proxies바카라�. Reacting to it, the Trump administration announced the movement of USS Arli­ngton바카라�that transports US marines, vehicles and other military hardware (helping in amphibious assaults)바카라�and a Patriot battery to the area along with 1,000 troops. This is in addition to the 15,000 soldiers stationed in West Asia in the Central Com­mand (CENTCOM) that looks after US interests in the Gulf.

But tension reached fever pitch last week when the US drone was shot down by Iranian forces. A US airstrike was on the cards, but Trump apparently pulled back at the last minute as it could have killed around 150 people, deemed by him to be 바카라�not proportionate바카라� to the attack on the unmanned drone. Trump also added defiantly that he was 바카라�in no hurry바카라� to confront Iran.

Independent sources, however, say the drone was downed after several warnings and on entering Iranian airspace. Iran claims that an US Navy aircraft with a crew of 35 and flying close to the drone was not targeted. Though these actions might suggest that neither the US nor Iran wants a conflict, the situation in the Gulf remains uncertain.

Opinion is divided on the restraint shown by the US. 바카라�The downing of the sophisticated US drone showed that des­pite years of isolation, the Ira­nian army is extremely capable. , in an armed confrontation it will be no pushover,바카라� says Ahmad. He feels that Trump was averse to getting into a fresh West Asia conflict, especially since he had promised voters to get US troops back from Afghanistan and Iraq.

Historian Srinath Raghavan does not rule out the possibility of a forthcoming phase of instability and violence in the Persian Gulf. 바카라�The developments have only strengthened hardliners in Iran, who were all along sceptical of any agreement with the Americans.바카라�

Moreover, Trump바카라�s close aides and allies like Israel, Saudi Arabia and the UAE could egg him on to opt for the military option. Yet Iran, which had been under US sanctions since 1979, is as tough a cookie as obtains under the circumstances바카라�it has not crumbled despite pressure and has shown imm­ense resilience to fight back.

Raghavan does not rule out the possibility of a phase of 바카라�tanker-wars바카라� in the reg­ion, as in the 1980s during the Iran-Iraq war. It may not erupt into a full-fledged war, but armed scuffles targeting each other바카라�s assets are a possibility. 바카라�The biggest casualty of recent developments is the absence of trust among the conten­ders,바카라� says Raghavan. 바카라�Even if they eventually negotiate, would they be able to trust each other for a future deal to work?바카라�

It바카라�s a question of vital importance바카라�the JCPOA took back-breaking work before being finalised; US suspicion undid all of that. A bedrock of trust has to be laid bef­ore restoring peace in the Persian Gulf.