The War Mirage: India-Pak Standoff Can Assume Many Shades

As India바카라�s 바카라�pre-emptive바카라� air ­­str­ike at Jaish-e-Mohammed바카라�s Balakot camp, and Pak­­istan바카라�s reaction to it the next day in Kashmir, culmina­ted with lusty cries demanding 바카라�war바카라�, met instantly with a weaker clamour for peace, it is useful to examine the charged con­­­­cept of war itself. An armed engagement between two nations, irrespective of the nature of the weaponry used or the duration for which it lasts, rarely gets the official tag of a 바카라�war바카라� these days. In fact, since 1945, most countries have been reluctant to officially declare war on another country.

바카라�Much of this stems from the fact that most wars now have a limited agenda,바카라� says former Indian diplomat Talmiz Ahmad. 바카라�Once that is achieved the hostility also ceases.바카라� Another possible reason could be that, during conflicts of a more indeterminate nature, diplomatic efforts through third parties or backroom neg­otiations are often conducted to resolve the outstanding problem. Experts say that while a formal declaration was once deemed a necess­ary legal prerequisite to war, indicating termination of diplomatic and com­mer­cial ties and treaties between combatants, the practice has largely fallen into disuse.

In the US, where checks and balances between presidential powers and those of the legislature have been embodied in their constitution, Congress and the president have together enacted 11 separate formal declarations of war against foreign nat­ions in five different wars, according to a 2014 Congressional Research System report. Each declaration has been preceded by a presidential request before a joint session of Congress. The two바카라�the president and the legislative body바카라�have also enacted authorisation for the use of force other than and short of formal war. In most cases, the president has requested the authority, but Congress has sometimes given him less than what he asked for.

But, crucially, such laws of war as The Hague and Geneva Conventions apply to all armed conflict, irrespective of a formal declaration or authorisation. A prime example of this could be Pakistan바카라�s decision to release the IAF pilot, Abhinandan Varthaman, in its custody. Pakistani PM Imran Khan told parliament that he has decided to rel­ease the IAF pilot as a 바카라�peace gesture바카라� on Friday. Sceptics in India see it as Imran바카라�s attempt to make a virtue out of a necessity. Whether this 바카라�gesture바카라� leads only to a pause in the current hostility between India and Pakistan or ends it remains to be seen. However, hectic diplomatic eff­orts are on by international players바카라�the US, Russia, China and oth­­ers바카라�to ensure that the current bout of armed engagement comes to an end.

바카라�The formal declaration of war has wider legal and diplomatic implications,바카라� says former Indian foreign secretary Kanwal Sibal. Thus, once a formal declaration of war is made, it is seen as a conflict involving all three armed wings, the army, air force and navy of the belligerents. More importantly, it allows one to target all assets of the adversary, including setting up an economic blockade. This invariably raises the stakes; in the case of nucl­ear-armed nations, dangerously so.

However, if there is no declaration, any of the combatants could halt, or resume, its armed action or keep its troops on high alert to pressure its adv­ersary and keep it guessing.

India and Pakistan have fought three wars since 1947 and two over Jammu and Kashmir, though technically, India has not been at war since 1971. The 1999 spring-summer crisis triggered by armed intrusion from Pak­istan into Kargil, lasting 60 days, was dubbed an 바카라�armed conflict바카라�. Though heavy artillery and the air force were used by both sides, the conflict ended only after all the heights within India were cleared of Pakistani infiltrators.

The current spell of armed skirmishes between India and Pakistan has raised questions and forced diplomats and experts from both nations to find innovative ways to describe the fast-paced developments.

바카라�The signal going out of India is clear: New Delhi will no longer be subject to nuclear blackmail and allow Pak­­istan to push jehadis into India to achieve its political agenda,바카라� says Ahmed. Its efficacy will be measured in the near future, he adds.

In the early hours of February 26, 12 Mirage 2000 fighter jets, accompanied by other aircraft of the IAF, crossed the Line of Control and bombed with laser-guided missiles a Jaish-e-Mohammed hideout and training facility in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa바카라�s Balakot. It was a paradigm shift in India바카라�s strategic doctrine vis-à-vis dealing with terrorist attacks.

Until now, as most Indian security measures against Pakistan were conducted from within its territory, gung-ho experts in Delhi feel that India has finally managed to break its defensive mindset with Tuesday바카라�s airborne operation.

Indian foreign secretary Vijay Gokhale fell back on inn­ovative adjectives to describe it. 바카라�This non-military pre-­emptive action was specifically targeted at the JeM camp,바카라� he said, while recalling that the UN proscribed terror group perpetrated the Pulwama att­ack and was responsible for other terror acts in India, including the 2001 Parliament attack. 바카라�The selection of the target was also conditioned by our des­ire to avoid civilian casualties. The fac­ility is located in thick forest on a hilltop far away from any civilian presence,바카라� he added.

It was obvious that Gokhale바카라�s target audience was the Pakistani government and military as well as international players. His carefully worded statement was aimed at assuring that India did not want to escalate, that the target was neither the Pakistani military nor its people.

The IAF바카라�s deep ingress 70 km across the LoC, avoiding detection by Paki­stan바카라�s air defence system, took many observers by surprise. Many were more surprised by Pakistan바카라�s response within 24 hours of the Indian action, when its fighter jets entered Indian air-space and tried to target Indian military ass­ets. In the process, it lost one of its F-16 fighter jets, while in their attempt to chase away the intruders India also lost an aircraft (two, says Pakistan), with Wing Commander Abhinandan bailing out from his shot up jet, landing in PoK and ending up in Pakistani custody.

Meanwhile, foreign diplomatic efforts were afoot to defuse the crisis. US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told the American media that he has urged India and Pakistan to avoid 바카라�any action that would escalate and greatly increase risk바카라�. He said he was 바카라�very engaged바카라� with the two countries and was 바카라�hopeful바카라� that tensions would cool down. Russian president Vladimir Putin, while hoping for a de-escalation, spoke to PM Modi and expressed his support for India바카라�s efforts to protect its interest against cross-border terror.

Similar efforts followed from China and the Gulf sta­tes바카라�UAE and Saudi Arabia as well as Iran. All were busy in hectic parleys with Indian and Pakistani leaders and officials.

Alongside this, a move was also on at the United Nations Security Council바카라�initiated by France and backed by US and UK바카라�to designate JeM chief Masood Azhar a 바카라�global terrorist바카라�. It is not clear yet how China, which has rep­eatedly blocked such a move, will react. Some speculate that Beijing may abstain and stop short of opposing it directly.

At a meeting with Sushma Swaraj at the Russia-India-China forum on February 27, both the Chinese and the Russian foreign ministers exp­ressed an understanding of the Indian position, but also urged New Delhi to show restraint. While assuring them on that count, Swaraj pointed out that a lot would depend on how Pakistan res­ponds to Indian concerns.

On the evening of February 28, PM Modi chaired a meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Security to take stock of the evolving situation. The three service chiefs were also present and shared their assessment of the situation.

In a joint press conference, the armed forces expressed their happiness at the announcement of the IAF pilot바카라�s release, while maintaining that IAF objectives were met through its operation inside Pakistan and also in thwarting Pakistani fighter aircraft바카라�s attempt to target Indian military ass­ets in Kashmir on February 27.

Though they maintained that they were well prepared to deal with any challenge, they stated that maintaining peace along the LoC and in the reg­ion was their main objective.

It is significant that Indian foreign minister Sushma Swaraj left for the UAE capital Abu Dhabi on February 28 to be the first-ever Indian guest of honour at the 46th plenary session of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation council of foreign ministers. The thrust of the meet is to stress on pluralism of thoughts, ideas and beliefs. It is undo­ubtedly an acknowledgement of India바카라�s pluralism and its ability to accommodate people from different faiths, including its 185 million Mus­lims바카라�equal stakeholders in the country바카라�s progress. India바카라�s policy of dealing with terror emanating out of Pakistan has also to keep the strands of social well-being in view바카라�a ruinous war would be a terrible blow to a billion aspirations.