The Many Faces And Transformations Of Ram And His Story

AK Ramanujan perhaps overstepped by stating that no one reads the Ramayana for the first time. How many Indians have read the Ramayana even once? Have you? But Indians don바카라�t need to read the epic in order to know about it. It바카라�s a legend Indians of many generations and cultures have composed, adopted and performed for themselves to meet the ethos of their epoch. Called India바카라�s 바카라�national heritage바카라� by Rabi­nd­ran­ath Tagore, the Ramayana is an ever-evolving tale in our collective memories. Even atheists may find it dif­ficult to escape some formulations of the Ramayana, its episodes or characters, verses or metaphors, from influencing or shadowing their lives.

The Ramayana has also defined the nation바카라�s geographical contours. At its heart, it is the story of an exile and a war, visualised and enacted on a landscape that stretches from the Himalayas to Ram­e­swaram, making the modern Indian State nearly coterminous with the legends of the mighty Iksh­vakus. Long before Ramanujan wrote about the three hundred Ramayanas, Tulsidas had said: 바카라�Ramayana sat koti apara (There are a hundred crore Ramayanas).바카라�

The BJP바카라�s narrative on Ayodhya is also a retelling, which, like any major retelling of the previous eras, has transformed the reception of the deity and psychology of his devotees. If Tulsidas made Ram a self-effacing family man and king to be wor­shipped and idolised in millions of househo­lds, the Ayodhya movement lent him a political identity. Tulsidas바카라�s Ram was a stoic and gentle being. L.K. Advani바카라�s Ram is an electoral warrior.

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To know how the sudden and unlikely fusion of the two opposite identities mutated Indian families, consider the tale of a man born in a temple town of Uttar Pradesh. In the early 1960s, when he was a kid, his grandmother ask­ed him to recite verses of the Ramcha­r­i­t­manas, in lieu of whi­ch, she ga­ve him a few paise. The boy soon nearly memorised the text and, with his father being the priest of a Hanuman temple, became a child devotee.

With the priest father suffering from multiple attacks of tuberculosis, the eldest of four sons began visualising hims­elf as the family바카라�s maryada purushottam. As it went, the self-effacing man was married off to a woman for whom self-abnegation was a supreme ideal.

The priestly family had close ties with Muslim neighbours. From the milkman, the tailor to the bangle sel­ler, the family was close to Fakhruddin, Shahabuddin, Mehfuz and many more. The ideal of Ram Rajya defi­ned the family. Then Advani바카라�s chariot arrived, and the benign man suddenly started feeling threatened by the community he had lived with since childhood. This is the tale of my own family. But it can mirror thousands of families across India.

Do the saffron warriors know how the deity is portrayed in our scriptures? Ram is maryada purushottam, the supreme man with absolute adherence to ethics, the Lord of the greatest attainable kingdom. 바카라�Daihik, daivik, bhautik tapa/ Ram Rajya nahin kahuhi vyapa (In Ram Rajya, every citizen is free from all fears and illnesses).

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But maryada demands sacrifices, leaving your inner desires unfulfilled and pushing you into a perpetual dilemma. Valmiki바카라�s Ram is aware that kshatriya dharma is 바카라�fundamentally unri­g­h­teous바카라�. He even tells Lakshman that it 바카라�attracts the base, the cruel, the greedy and those inclined to be wicked바카라�. But he will never waver from the path, his inner self always limited by the kingly code.

Ram is cognisant of the injustice of which he beco­mes both a victim and a carrier. He submits to Dasha­r­ath and withdraws to the forest, but he can discern the wrong his father has committed, and speaks about the 바카라�disaster that has befallen me as a result of the king바카라�s infatuation바카라�. 바카라�Even an ignorant man would not reno­u­nce his son for the sake of a beautiful woman바카라� He who abandons wealth and dharma and chases after pleasure shall soon destroy himself, like Dasarath did,바카라� he tells Lakshman.

Why does he then obey his father? Why does he not rebel? Because he follows maryada.

When he arrives in Dandakaranya during the exile and promises sages to protect them from demons, Sita warns him that it is not a kshatriya바카라�s battlefield. Cautio­ning him that 바카라�the mind is perverted by extreme proxi­mity to weapons바카라�, she advises him to 바카라�respect the code of behaviour of the world we now inhabit바카라� and to 바카라�enj­oy the beauties of the forest with a pure mind바카라�.

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But Ram knows of only one code. 바카라�I could more easily give up my life or renounce you or Lakshman than break a promise,바카라� he tells her.

Thus, Ram is a tragic character. A tragic son and a tra­gic husband. In the Valmiki Ramayana, when he asks his brothers to banish Sita, he바카라�s in profound grief for having to abandon his wife. But as a king, he can바카라�t think of any other way to quell the discomfort his citizens have about her.

Worship him, assess him, criticise him, but Ram is perhaps the most common name in India, both of people and places, even occurring as prefixes or suffixes. Many Indians may find it difficult to spend a day without uttering the word. In fact, much before he arrived as Vishnu바카라�s seventh avatar, his predecessor avatar Par­a­shuram already had him as the suffix in his name. His leela has travelled to many countries. Ayutthaya, the capital of several kings in Thailand for centuries, was named after Ayodhya, with many kings even assuming the name of Ram.

But the legend is not about him alone. It바카라�s about those characters that illuminate him, with whom he forms epic bonds. It바카라�s the tale of a younger brother who will place the sandals of the elder one on the throne and run the kingdom in his name. It바카라�s about another you­n­ger brother who will leave the palace behind and follow the elder one to exile. It바카라�s about a wife left behind, the lonely woman in the palace. It바카라�s about a wife abando­ned on the altar of kingly code. It바카라�s about Hanuman, who enters the tale of the exiled princes midway, and goes on to become a revered standalone deity. And then, it바카라�s about the great scholar Ravan, who can바카라�t overcome his one fatal flaw바카라�the desire for a woman바카라�that causes his downfall.

It is an epic family drama, about people constrained by the vows they consider sacrosanct and inviolable, about people chasing impossible ideals, often being aware that it would only bring them doom. One doesn바카라�t need to approach it as a scripture; many generations have cherished it as a great text of world literature. The richness of the tale, the loftiness of its morals and the tragic fall of its characters fascinate and intimidate.

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The mythology gets enriched with a myriad of rete­llings or performances in several languages. Valmiki may be the Aadi Kavi and his Ramayana the Aadi Kavya, but his successors comprehensively transformed the tale. When Tulsidas brings Ram into Avadh, he removes the two most objectionable episodes in the narrative바카라�the banishment of Sita and the killing of the Shudra Shambuka. He also dilutes the agnipariksha episode. One can say it marks Tulsidas바카라�s dissent against his predecessors for portraying the Lord in uncharitable shades. Perhaps, that explains why Ramcharit­ma­nas became the household text across north India.

But not everyone is Tulsidas. In another marvellous Sans­k­rit text aptly named Adbhut Ramayan, Sita is not only the daughter of Ravan바카라�s wife Mandodari, she also eventually kills Ravan. There are also great instances of inter-textuality, with several Ramayanas in conversation, most evident in an extraordinary episode of Adhyatm Ramayana. When Ram asks Sita to not accompany him and stay behind in Ayodhya, she bluntly says: 바카라�I have heard various versions of Ramayanas, recited by various scholars. In which of these, do you find Ram going to the forest without Sita? In none.바카라�

How many scriptures and deities can allow such flexibility and malleability? Such are the interpolations that many episodes, which may not have any textual basis, remain in our collective memory as inalienable sequences of the Ramayana. The widely prevailing metaphor of Lakshman Rekha doesn바카라�t appear at all in Valmiki바카라�s or Kamban바카라�s text, and has only an oblique and brief mention in Tulsidas바카라�s version, not when Sita is about to be abducted, but in an altogether different episode. How does the metaphor come into vogue? One can leave such questions to the researchers, allowing people to enjoy their individual interpretations.

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Even smaller communities fashion their own Ram. When local priests prohibited Dalits from chanting the name of Ram in some areas of central Chhatti­s­garh in the late 19th century, the untouchables, as a mark of rebellion, tattooed the deity바카라�s name on their private parts.

It바카라�s not limited to Hindu communities. Last year, in a Buddhist household in Sissu village of Lahaul, I found a carefully preserved Urdu translation of Ram­charit­ma­nas. The book, printed at least 150 years ago, had yellowed, its pap­er turned fragile. The Bud­dhist family had been reading a Hindu text in Urdu.

And where바카라�s the abode of Ram? He lives in the vast geography he traversed as an exiled prince, and later as a king. Each place is a pilgrimage. Ayodhya may be a political rallying point, but there are Chitrakoot, Dandakaranya, Nashik, Rameswaram바카라�besides Hinglaj, a small town in Balo­ch­i­stan, Pakistan, where Ram is said to have arrived to expiate for the sin of killing Ravan.

The insistence on Ayodhya is a crude mechanisation that disregards the legend. Commenting on the BJP바카라�s claim on Ayodhya, Diana L. Eck wrote, in India: A Sacred Geog­raphy: 바카라�How very dissonant the pledge to reclaim 바카라�this very place바카라� sounded, given India바카라�s long history of multiplying the sacred in a complex landscape, rich with a sense of plenitude.바카라�

The Ayodhya movement, which made Muslims an inevitable other of Hindus, was in absolute dissonance with all the forms of Ram we have known. Ram is a gre­at unifier. India has had a history of tussle and violence between the Shaivites and the Vaishnavites. Tulsidas바카라�s Ram emphatically declares: 바카라�Shiv drohi mam daas kahava/So nar mohi sapnehu nahin pava (Those who go against Shiva and call themselves my devotee, Can바카라�t find me even in their dreams).바카라�

The Ram Mandir movement damaged the glorious tradition. Here바카라�s an untold story of the Babri demol­ition, narrated to this reporter by three different eye­witnesses. As the crowd climbed up the domes of the mosque on December 6, 1992, the Ram Lalla dei­ty that was placed under a tomb was also raz­ed to the ground. The idols that had appeared in Dec­em­ber 1949 disappeared in another December decades later.

In October 2016, I raised the issue in a recorded interview with the Bajrang Dal founder and then BJP MP Vinay Katiyar, who was among the prime actors on that day. About the demolition, he said: 바카라�Dhai ghante ke andar sab khatm ho gaya. Ek-ek int chali gayi바카라�lakhon log thhe.. ek-ek mutthi lekar chale gaye. Bacha kya wahan? Kuch nahin bacha. (Every­th­ing was over within two-and-a-half hours. Every single brick was removed바카라� there were lakhs of people바카라� they carried a handful (of debris) each. What remained there? Nothing).바카라�

That perhaps adds to the tragic character of the epic. The avatar, who took birth to protect sanatan dharma, could not escape a Hindu mob바카라�s wrath. 

(This appeared in the print edition as "The Epic, Plus Ça Change...")