Gambling Act Is 'Weak', Dream11 Helicopters Online Cricket Gaming To A World Of Fantasy

IPL Season 12 is hitting its final, flood-lit crescendo as we write this. The fanfare, the cheers and heartbreaks, the breathless excitement, the sometimes seemingly impossible skills on display out on the striated green바카라�all of it peaks in Sunday바카라�s final. But this is not about that, not about those 22 yards, and who the last man standing will be. This is about another kind of pitch, millions of them in fact바카라�they roll out in a virtual space, on your smartphone screen. It바카라�s called Dream11: you would have seen the ads if you바카라�ve been watching the IPL, they바카라�re all over the prime slots. Dream11 comes with its own fanfare, its wins and crushing losses, its thrills바카라�and, apparently, skills. But then, so does poker. It바카라�s just that those 바카라�skills바카라� are akin to those involved in horse-racing바카라�not those of the jockey on top of the marvellous animal streaking across the tracks, but the one chomping on the cigar nervously in the stands, making what he thinks is an informed guess, but often wiping his brow in frustration after betting on the wrong horse. For, the one essential ingredient that greases this parallel stockmarket of seemingly easy pickings is바카라�you guessed it! It바카라�s Luck, a lady with a more enigmatic smile than Mona Lisa바카라�s. Even if you were a gambling man, you wouldn바카라�t bet on what that smile means.

Before we come to the greys, first the black and white. We바카라�re talking about fantasy cricket바카라�part of what they call ­online fantasy sports gaming (OFSG). There바카라�s no cricket, really. Sports fans simply pay to enter the game, and click buttons to select their own team, made up of real-life players, for upcoming matches . These virtual teams garner points based on the actual performance of players in the real-life match: winners (and losers) are determined thus. They win and lose cash. The industry calls it 바카라�skill-based바카라� online sports gaming, and it바카라�s widely played across cricket, football, kabaddi, basketball et al. In India, with mobile data going cheaper than sixes in a T20 match, fantasy sports is projected to go up from the 2 million users we had in 2016 to as many as 100 million in 2020바카라�that바카라�s almost the population of France and England put tog­ether. Dream11 is the biggest daddy in fantasy cricket in India. It바카라�s actually an official partner of the BCCI for its hottest franchise, IPL 2019. Dream11 officials stand around in the after-match ceremonies. The ICC is on board too. M.S. Dhoni is a brand ambassador. There바카라�s a large legitimising force here, a network of tie-ups.

Now, the shadows moving across the poker face. The fundamental question: is this a form of gambling that claims to be kosher, while bypassing the fact that gambling is cast in varying shades of illegality in India? (This can be asked, at the outset, without a value judgement on the question of whether gambling and betting should be legalised.)

Look at the patterns: the games are available in both free and paid versions. But curiously, they can바카라�t be downloaded from Google Play Store바카라�you have to go through website links. When Outlook contacted Google, it sent a link that stated 바카라�gambling apps are permitted바카라� only in the UK, Ireland and France currently. 바카라�For all other locations, we don바카라�t allow content or services that facilitate online gambling, including, but not limited to, online casinos, sports betting and lotteries, and games of skill that offer prizes of cash or other value.바카라� Google ref­used to comment on individual apps as per their policy. A senior Google official, on condition of anonymity, told Outlook, 바카라�In India, fantasy gaming is still a grey area with no legal standing or backing. As per worldwide debates and our understanding, anything that inv­olves the risk of winning and losing money is a kind of gambling, so we are just adopting a defensive approach.바카라�

Google is not alone in its attitude of avoidance. There are five states in India that are no-go areas for fantasy sports platforms: Odisha, Telangana, Assam, Nagaland and Sikkim. When you play fantasy games on your phone, you have to certify you바카라�re not a resident of these states. In Assam, Odisha and Telangana, skill-based fantasy games can be played only on free subscription, not paid, while in Nagaland and Sikkim, a company needs to obtain a licence to host paid gaming. The terms of Sikkim바카라�s licence specify that online games may only be offered within the physical premises of gaming parlours through intranet gaming terminals. Also, a company has to put up an online gaming levy of Rs 50 crore, or 10 per cent of the gross gaming yield, whichever is higher.

The defensive approach of Google and these five states is courtesy an Indian law that바카라�s over a century and a half old: the Public Gambling Act, 1867, which prohibits the running of a public ­gambling house, and even visiting one. The subtle distinction it makes is bet­ween a 바카라�game of skill바카라� and a 바카라�game of chance바카라�. As Rajat Prakash, managing partner in law firm  Athena Legal, puts it: 바카라�The test is to ­determine what dominates/preponderates, whether skill or chance?바카라� This naturally creates room for inter­pretation바카라�the Supreme Court has, for ­instance, come in on the question of whether rummy is pure chance (it said it was not). Gambling, at the same time, is a state subject and many state governments have adopted the model act with their own interpretations. All but a handful, like Goa, impose restrictions. However, new modes like fantasy gaming are stretching the interpretive ­limits of the old law, seeming to blithely bypass it without scrutiny, while new cyber laws skirt around the question of gambling too.

And so, an ancillary e-industry is booming along with the game it바카라�s parasitic upon: it바카라�s like an explosion of mini-­IPLs unspooling in countless living rooms of India, in front of TV sets.

Gitanjali Patil, who got married last year, didn바카라�t know what Dream11 was until her brother-in-law dropped her 바카라�a link on WhatsApp and told me how to play it바카라�. Gitanjali, 30, vice president of a real estate firm in Mumbai, isn바카라�t the only one in the Patil family who has taken a fancy for fantasy cricket. Her father-in-law (58, a former businessman), brother-in-law (works in a real estate firm) and some cousins overseas created a WhatsApp group in March to discuss all the fun and matches. All die-hard Dream11 fans, they start their conversation early in the day to decide the cricketers they want in their team. 바카라�Some 7-8 players are the same for us, we discuss and share, the rest we decide individually,바카라� says Gitanjali. The Patils sit together around 7.30 pm바카라�half-an-hour before the match바카라�to log on to the game and make last-minute changes in their teams. 바카라�Dream11 has introduced this interesting, user-friendly concept where players can be changed at the last moment so that if they are dropped from the match, they can be dropped by users from their teams too and we don바카라�t lose points or money,바카라� says Gitanjali. (Earlier, one could do so only till one hour before the match.)

Fairly Legal?

While more and more users indulge themselves, it바카라�s important for both the Centre and state governments to clear their stand on fantasy sports that inv­olve money as the industry is growing bigger and bigger. According to an IFSG-KPMG report (IFSG being the industry body for online gaming), India바카라�s e-gaming market has seen tremendous growth of late, driven in part by the surge in digital usage. Revenues have nearly doubled over a period of four years, reaching a whopping Rs 4,380 crore in FY2018. At the expected compound annual growth rate of 22.1 per cent, that would touch Rs 11,900 crore by 2023. That kind of money can also mean big revenue for governments바카라�and that has always been an argument for legalising betting, which otherwise carries on unregulated in shady satta bazaars, with all the attendant social problems. But nothing this big should go without the clearest sanction in terms of the legal position. And how is this qualitatively different from gambling, if at all, in the first place? And what could be the pitfalls?

Well, as of now, the industry is riding high on a 2017 judgment. In the Varun Gumber vs Dream11 case (see profile), the Punjab and Haryana High Court went through the entire Dream11 format, and ruled that it does not con­stitute betting and gambling바카라�rather, it said, it was a game of skill and a business, which is protected under the Consti­tution of India. The Supreme Court too dismissed the petition, agreeing with the high court바카라�s view. Lawyer Prashant Reddy, however, says the SC has not ­really ruled on the issue: it was a summary dismissal. So it바카라�s not clear if other high courts are going to consider themselves bound by the Punjab and Haryana HC바카라�s decision. That may be why these companies are not yet moving into Assam, Telangana and Odisha.

Namita Viswanath, partner, IndusLaw, concedes 바카라�the Supreme Court has not passed a judgment and hence the legal position remains inconclusive바카라�, but ­believes it바카라�s 바카라�a step in a positive direction to treat fantasy games as games of skill rather than chance바카라�. Success in these were deemed to 바카라�depend on a substantial degree of skill, superior knowledge, judgement and discretion of the person, as opposed to mere chance바카라�, she says. However, she points to an interesting potential consequence: 바카라�The question that then arises is, if live sports betting, ­traditionally seen as gambling, can also be categorised as games of skill as they do not involve skills substantially different from those required for fantasy sports games.바카라� Some clarity may come soon, she says, for the Law Commiss­ion has 바카라�recently proposed enacting a new central law to cover ­online ­gambling and betting바카라�.

Athena Legal바카라�s Rajat Prakash says the high court decision was significant as it set a precedent in the context of online games. 바카라�Previously, courts had taken a view that online games and video games could be manipulated from outside, hence the degree of chance would increase. Some courts had also taken a view that any game with stakes is ­gambling,바카라� he says. But he has a caveat for developers and entrepreneurs: 바카라�Whether a specific game is a game of skill or chance depends in each case on the nature of that game and skills ­required for playing it. This makes the law uncertain, as the likelihood of any future online gaming venture being termed gambling or sports betting cannot be ruled out. The decision in the Dream11 case remains unique to the facts of Dream11 only. Each case will require its own factual analysis.바카라�

Reddy points to the most crucial thing to be considered before adjudicating on anything that resembles ­betting or gambling. 바카라�The problem we should all be prepared for is the very real possibility of gambling addiction. Legislative clarity would be helpful for investors, but we also need to keep in mind the social cost of allowing such ventures,바카라� he says.

The Players

Interestingly, the ones who agree with that last bit about addiction, through direct testimony or otherwise, are those who play themselves. Says Nitesh Yadav, who has won over Rs 10 lakh through fantasy sports: 바카라�I started it as fun to earn extra bucks in college. For a year, I바카라�ve been playing it regularly as a secondary source of income. It바카라�s ­becoming an addiction. People should be careful.바카라� Luck does matter, adds Yadav (see profile).

Ask Gitanjali if she thinks it바카라�s betting, and her answer is no. 바카라�It depends on how well you know the players, their performance and how they have been playing. I바카라�m not only hooked on cricket, but also play fantasy kabaddi, which is amazing,바카라� she adds. She has invested lakhs over a year and lost some too, though she thinks her profits outweigh her losses on Dream11. 바카라�My father ­in-law plays games of around Rs 1,000 using three mobiles, while I prefer small leagues with two or three people as ­winning amounts are high and chances of losing low. I prefer to play bets of around Rs 5,000. I바카라�m confident of my skill and it바카라�s so much fun.바카라�

Miles away from Mumbai, in dusty Delhi-NCR, the same fervour plays out. A gang of four friends, after finishing their jobs in Gurgaon, gather at a cafe or home every day to enjoy their Dream11 matches along with IPL. Ankit, a retail manager, says: 바카라�I play it occasionally in small leagues with just 10 players or less. That바카라�s more interesting and full of thrill. Grand leagues with the number of ­players in thousands, lakhs or crores, where people prefer to be conservative, are for beginners.바카라� It바카라�s 바카라�fanmania바카라� out there, Ankit confirms. Several of his friends, both girls and boys, play with paid subscriptions.

Of course, you start losing, and it바카라�s no longer such fun. Says Nikhil (name changed), who lost around Rs 1 lakh in the last three months, 바카라�It starts as fun and then you become more and more confident, placing bigger bets. And then you get a setback when you start losing. I required clinical help to get out of this habit after my family came to know.바카라� He questions the business model바카라�why is the government not regulating this form of 바카라�sophisticated gambling바카라�, he wants to know.

We profiled the Mumbai-Dilli types. But trouble is, according to the IFSG-KPMG report, users from the top 7-8 Indian cities were found to be playing less frequently than those from the smaller cities. Nearly 85 per cent big city respondents played 1-3 times a week, and some 70 per cent respondents from smaller cities played over four times a week. These are players from Tier II, III and IV cities like Lucknow, Kanpur, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Kota, Rajkot, Tiruppur and Dehradun. According to industry lobby group IFSG (Indian Federation of Sports Gaming), their ­initial 10 million users were predominantly from Tier I cities, but now 50 per cent of their traffic comes from Tier II and III cities. Note the presence there of education hubs like Kota and Dehradun, implying the big numbers of students engaged in this, users who are anyway financially stressed, and you begin to understand the scale of the problem. And with star cricketers becoming brand ambassadors바카라�Dhoni for Dream11, Suresh Raina for Fantain, Virat Kohli for Mobile Premier League바카라�people often don바카라�t understand that this is a legally sensitive area.

The Gamers

The gaming apps come in two segme­nts바카라�Freemium (free and paid) and ­only-paid models. These paid versions have entry fees ranging from as low as Rs 10 to as high as Rs 10,000 and more. Till 2018, there were around 70 fantasy sports operators in India, according to IFSG. Besides Dream11, these include Fantain, Dotball, Halaplay, MyTeam11, 11Wickets, Starpick, to name a few. Anand Ramachandran, co-founder and CEO of the BookMyShow-backed Fantain, says his is a 바카라�freemium바카라� model, where fans can play free fantasy cricket for any amount of time before converting to paid fantasy. Generally around 10 per cent of the fans who play free move on to paid: it바카라�s like a threshold drug. While the paid form is the major source of revenue for Fantain, 바카라�we do not ­attempt to convert every fan to a paid fantasy gamer. Users play fantasy sports for various reasons and we want to serve all of them,바카라� says Ramachan­dran. The platform has 6 lakh users and has seen an eight-fold increase in volumes ­between IPL 2018 and IPL 2019.

Cricket is by far the most popular fantasy sport바카라�with the World Cup imminent, expect no abatement바카라�followed closely by kabaddi and football. Fantasy platforms say Dream11 laid the groundwork, which has made marketing efforts for startups and new platforms very easy. 바카라�We don바카라�t have to take extra pains to create awareness,바카라� says Hridhay Murlidharan, co-founder of fantasy cricket platform Dotball. A purely paid subscription model, Dotball has 2 lakh subscribers and distributed Rs 1.5 crore as winning amount in last eight months. Adds Murlidharan: 바카라�We categorise customers into three segments: students who play to earn pocket money, casual players who play occasionally, and ­hardcore fantasy users.바카라�

The fans pay an entry fee to participate and the operators take a fee: the balance is given back as winnings. The rules by which winners are determined are clearly laid out and there for all to see. Even before joining any contest, fans can see the number of participants, the quantum of winnings, etc. Operators have gone to great lengths to ensure every fan has an equal opportunity to win, provided he/she understands the game well. They also provide a lot of ­real-time statistics to help fans select the right team.

The apps take great pains to ­understand fantasy fan behaviour. Says Ramachandran of Fantain, 바카라�A one-size-fits-all approach is unlikely to work in the long term and hence we invest ­heavily on fan analytics. Based on our analysis, we have launched multi-match fantasy to target the serious cricket fan, who may not find the single-match ­fantasy challenging enough.바카라�

Sarkar, Board and GST!

The question whether fantasy sports are legal reached Parliament this year. In February 2019, MoS (Finance) Pon Radhakrishnan parried a series of questions from TRS MP A.P. Jithender Reddy, saying betting and gambling came under 바카라�Entry 34 of List II of the Seventh Schedule바카라� and state governments were competent to enact laws. But the more immediate question relates to the BCCI and how it invested so deep in Dream11 when the legal position is still not clear. Vinod Rai, chairman of the BCCI바카라�s Committee of Administrators (CoA), didn바카라�t respond to calls, but his co-member Ravinder Thodge told Outlook that he was not involved in the Dream11 sponsorship as he joined the committee only recently. However, a senior BCCI functionary explained how IPL sponsorship works. 바카라�The BCCI바카라�s IPL Operations team gives sponsorship suggestions to the CoA and the CEO [Rahul Johri]. But about 90 per cent of the work is done by the IPL Operations team. Obviously, the BCCI office-bearers are also involved in all this,바카라� he told Outlook.

But Kishore Rungta, former BCCI treasurer (1998-2003), casts it in an ­interesting frame. 바카라�A lot has changed in the past few years. I.S. Bindra, former BCCI president, used to say the government should make betting legal, while Jagmohan Dalmiya, who became president a few years later, had the ­opposite view. All this we used to discuss ­privately, not at any BCCI forum,바카라� says the 67-year-old Rungta.

바카라�But even if you make betting legal, it won바카라�t have any impact today as 18 per cent GST will be applied, like in horse-racing!바카라� Rungta adds. 바카라�My belief is that whoever gambles in horse-­racing will not pay GST because the bhaav ranges from 60 paise to 80 paise. If you put in Rs 100 and you have to pay Rs 118 GST, no one can afford it. What will he save? Gambling would happen under the table. In places like London, taxes on horse-racing betting is much lesser.바카라� Sure enough, in February, the Turf Authorities of India (TAI), the apex body of the six racing clubs in India, made a representation to Union minister Piyush Goyal with a request to reduce the heavy GST charged on bets by race clubs and bookmakers. This happened after the Mumbai police ­arrested racecourse bookmakers and lottery parlour ­owners for alleged GST evasion in December 2018.

Former BCCI Anti-Corruption Unit chief Neeraj Kumar, a former Delhi Police commissioner, has a related warning. 바카라�It바카라�s so difficult to deal with even regular betting as a criminal off­ence,바카라� he says. 바카라�The Gambling Act too is such a weak act바카라�even if you book someone under it, the fine is just Rs 400 or Rs 500. What difference does that make to the offender? So we charge them under the IPC바카라�s section 420, criminal misappropriation etc. Now, with fantasy sports platforms, it바카라�s very difficult to say if the Gambling Act can be enforced here. But they must surely be raking in crores and crores with every game. So many people are paying money to play, and only a few are getting the prize바카라�they must be gulping down the rest of the money. You don바카라�t need to maintain an office or a huge infrastructure, yet you earn crores in one sweep.바카라�

Kumar adds that no case has succee­ded till date under the Gambling Act, 바카라�whether it was the Hansie Cronje scandal, or the Mohammed Azhar­uddin case, or even Sreesanth바카라�s case, except for disciplinary action바카라�. 바카라�The laws are so weak that, for example, terms like 바카라�fixing바카라� and 바카라�spot-fixing바카라� are not even there in the laws,바카라� he says.

Dotball바카라�s Murlidharan clarifies that single contest winnings above Rs 10,000 on any gaming platform are taxable and the companies have been filing their ­returns. Fantasy sports platforms charge a 31.2 per cent tax on earnings of players above Rs 10,000. There is no tax for lesser amounts, and the money left after the winning amount is disbursed is the company바카라�s income. 바카라�The industry바카라�s biggest concern is there바카라�s no clarity on whether the 18 per cent GST is on service fee or entry fee. If it바카라�s entry fee, gaming platforms will be left with zero margins. It바카라�s the GST implication that would be the deciding factor for the fantasy gaming ­industry and not ­legality, since it's a game of skill,바카라� he says. As things stand, though, that last bit sounds like an ­ambitious bet. Openness and regulation may be ­virtues on their own, but the law can never be prejudged.

By Jyotika Sood  with Qaiser Mohammad Ali