Equal Work, Unequal Benefits: The Struggle Of Ad Hoc Teachers For Permanence And Dignity

Popularly known as Jean-Paul Sartre of the department, Samarveer바카라�s suicide has reopened the fissures of the recruitment system in colleges and universities.

Throughout the last decade-and-a-half, Delhi University (DU) has seen a massive spread of what is widely referred to as 바카라�ad hocism바카라�. Other universities are not far behind. Credible estimates indicate that until recently, there were around 4,500 ad hoc teachers working only in DU colleges. Some of them have been working for more than a decade. But how did this systematisation of ad hoc faculties come up?

Systematisation of 바카라�Ad Hocism바카라�

To understand it, one must look at the recruitment requirements of ad hoc faculties. According to DU바카라�s Executive Council바카라�s Resolution No. 120 (8), dated 27.12.2007, 바카라�In case there is a sudden, unexpected and short vacancy, arising out of a sudden sickness or death, on medical grounds (including maternity leave), abrupt leave or any other situation that may disrupt the normal process of teaching-learning, an ad hoc appointment may be made바카라�. The resolution clearly notes that the appointment should be of a minimum of one month to a maximum of four months바카라� duration.

In addition, it also notes if it extends beyond four months, it should be 바카라�filled up on a temporary basis as per due process and procedure i.e. through a duly constituted Selection Committee.바카라� But the delays in recruitment processes changed this four month바카라�s tenure to years of unacknowledged work바카라� sometimes stretching up to more than a decade.

Mukul Mangalik, who taught at Ramjas College, says that this was never the situation prior to 2009-10. 바카라�I will not say that permanent recruitments were always done within the stipulated time, but they were done soon enough, and generally ad hoc appointments did not stretch on endlessly,바카라� he says.

The surge of vacancies in DU colleges, nevertheless, can be attributed to three major factors. Firstly, in 2006, due to the Other Backward Class (OBC) reservations, Central Universities were provided with additional teaching posts to maintain the student-teacher ratio. As per the reports, DU was given 2,600 posts, of which around 1,300 had been filled.

In 2010, when the Academic Performance Index (API), a measure to quantitatively judge the merit of a teacher comprising different matrices ranging from research paper publication to attendance in foreign conferences came up, there were formidable discontents among faculties leading to protests that consequently affected the recruitment process. Lastly, between 2008 and 2013, a considerable number of teachers retired from DU.

All these factors created conditions for the recruitment of ad hoc teachers. As ad hocism began to spread, pressure, it would seem, built up on the authorities to hold interviews for permanent appointments at the earliest. Unfortunately, instead of such interviews taking place, ad hocism appears to have been systematised by continuing to extend the four-month terms of already appointed ad hoc teachers while giving them a break-in-service in between.

바카라�For the break-in service, we lose around two months바카라� salary. Mostly the session gets over around the end of May following which the summer vacation starts. If we join on the very first day of the next session, we get a salary. Otherwise, in 12 months, we get 10 months바카라� salary only,바카라� says a faculty of a DU college who didn바카라�t want to disclose her identity as it might affect her 바카라�prospects in the ongoing recruitment.바카라�

Everyday Uncertainty

Currently, large-scale recruitment of permanent faculties, pending for years, is going on in DU colleges. Its outcome has pushed several of them toward further uncertainty as many allege that the recruitment process is biased and politically motivated. This allegation, however, is not new.

In 2017, media reports say that there were several faculties who accused DU of favouritism. A few faculties even pointed out that they started doing household chores of the powerful senior teachers who could help them to sustain as ad hoc, if not recommend them for a regular post.

Bereft of the social security benefits like Provident Fund (PF), pensions, health insurance and even basic leaves, these ad hoc teachers are pushed to the brink of uncertainties every now and then. Sandeep Singh (name changed on request) of Kamala Nehru College says: 바카라�We have four leaves in four months and we can바카라�t avail those together. If something happens to us, we are unable to take a week off. Or else, we would be removed,바카라� says Singh who has been teaching in ad hoc position for around seven years.

Most of the ad hoc faculty members become meek due to the constant pressure of losing jobs, he notes. 바카라�During the Covid period, the ad hoc faculties were asked to report to the college if they leave the station. They were instructed to take online classes from Delhi only! The circular though was valid for everyone, the regular faculties didn바카라�t follow it as they knew that these things would hardly affect their jobs,바카라� Singh adds.

The clause of termination with 24 hours바카라� notice or without, mentioned in their contracts, always hangs over their heads and is reflected in their tendency to overburden themselves with work. 바카라�The ad hoc teachers바카라� responsibility at work is the same as that of a permanent Assistant Professor. Their terms and conditions of work, however, are different and unequal,바카라� says Professor Mangalik.

Noting the discrepancy in the emoluments, social security and other benefits, between permanent and ad-hoc teachers, he says, 바카라�Sadly, it amounts to institutional exploitation to push ad-hoc teachers through this for years on end. It is a clear case of being made to work in unequal conditions for equal work.바카라� Among other things, ad hoc teachers are neither entitled to promotions for instance, nor to increments in pay, adds the scholar.

바카라�After working for decades under such conditions for no fault of theirs, and contributing to the making of colleges through their long histories of labour, they have earned the right to work permanently in these institutions. It is an 바카라�earned right바카라�,바카라� he emphasises.

Factors behind Ad Hocism

But what are the possible factors that promote and sustain ad hoc and contractual employment? Perhaps, as suggested by a former teacher from a DU college, it needs to be understood as part of the global spread of short-time contractual employment, combined, in the case of today바카라�s India, with the need to ensure that the people employed, either as permanent faculty or on short-term contracts, will remain pliable and ideologically aligned to the requirements of the regime currently in power.

However, another ad hoc teacher at DU, who also did not want to reveal his name, said that political appointments have been the case for decades. 바카라�It may be possible that the frequency and density of such recruitments have increased but this systematic bias has always been there,바카라� she says.

On August 28, 2019, the DU authority sent a letter to all colleges under it asking them to 바카라�fill up the permanent [teaching] vacancies at the earliest and till permanent appointments are made, colleges may appoint guest faculty, if required, against new vacancies arising the first time in academic session 2019-20바카라�. It floated a perception among the ad hoc teachers that their contracts would not be renewed and unless the regular faculties are recruited, the colleges would only hire guest faculties. It led to significant protests by the ad hoc teachers.
Under pressure, an amendment was issued that allowed the hiring of ad hoc faculties as well in case there are vacancies. It also asked the colleges to fill up the vacancies by July 2020 and assured that the ad hoc faculties would be given weightage on the basis of their experience during the permanent recruitments.

Not an issue of DU alone

However, DU is not the only case where ad hoc employment has become a nightmare. The contractual faculties of other Central Universities Outlook spoke to also echo the words of their DU colleagues. Tabrez Alam (name changed on request) who has been working in Jamia Milia Islamia (JMI) for more than a decade바카라�sometimes as a guest and for several years as a contractual바카라�points out their fate during the Covid period. 바카라�During Covid, they stopped hiring contractual and guest faculties. Nobody knows how people suffered.바카라� While Alam managed to find work in different colleges, there were many who were not so lucky.

Coupled with this uncertainty of being removed anytime, comes the systematic bias. 바카라�If you don바카라�t have Godfather, it is difficult for you to become permanent,바카라� says Majid Khan, who also has been in JMI for more than a decade. While in DU interview of the ad hoc faculties in every four months was discarded due to the pressure from Delhi University Teachers Association (DUTA), in JMI, Khan claims, they appear in front of the selection panel in every six months to get re-appointed.

After passing through all these ordeals, do they get an edge over the others during the recruitment of permanent faculties? Khan says, 바카라�I have never got any advantage in JMI. Rather, I have seen my juniors being recruited for permanent positions.바카라� Still, the possibility of protests to achieve what Mangalik calls 바카라�earned rights바카라� is the last thing that they think of. As everyone knows what the administration could do if someone protests, says Alam.

One case of protest, far away from Delhi, at Central University of Jharkhand (CUJ), nonetheless, shows how it is side-lined, if not completely dodged.

In April 2021 Sameer Shau (name changed on request) joined CUJ as an Assistant Professor (Temporary). His contract though got over in October 2021; he continued working up to January 18, 2022, as his Head of the Department (HoD) asked him to carry on.

As his file was pending with the Dean, Academic Affairs, in expectation of his contract being renewed, he took classes, evaluated copies and did all other administrative work without taking a single penny from the University. In January, when he got to know that his contract would not be renewed, he asked the University to at least release his three months바카라� salary.

Even after meeting all the administrators, except the Vice-Chancellor, who allegedly didn바카라�t want to meet him, as he failed to get his dues, he lodged his complaint to the portal of the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances. Subsequently, the University received a notice from the government. The CUJ responded to it saying that he was rightfully paid during his tenure without even referring to the fact that he worked beyond his duration of contract. The government, nonetheless, closed the complaint noting that the University is an autonomous organisation and any grievance related to it should be redirected to them.

바카라�I only know what I had gone through for a year until I got another job,바카라� says Shau.

This form of 바카라�institutional exploitation바카라�, becomes many times compounded when these ad hoc faculties, in their times of extreme crisis, don바카라�t even get the support of their own colleagues with whom they have shared work, concerns, struggles and moments of happiness for years. It is the vacuum stemming also perhaps from the lack of solidarity when he was removed from his job, that might have made Samarveer feel unbearably alone바카라�a vessel of emptiness.