If Mumbai were a coin, hope and despair would be its two faces. As thousands of workers from the barren, jobless heartland of India migrate towards the metropolis in new hope of employment and bettering their lives, very few seem to have noticed a steady trickle of the few hundreds, who are migrating from the city바카라s populous pockets.
Families of mill workers, some of whom have worked across generations in the city바카라s once-flourishing textile industry from the 19th century, have no place in the city which their forefathers shouldered to glory. Mumbai바카라s redevelopment, which has transformed scores of soot-lined mill compounds in the city바카라s southern and central pockets to temples of consumerism and bling, has triggered alarm bells for more than a lakh families of former mill workers.
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According to Praveen Ghag, president of the Girni Kamgar Sangharsh Samiti, a state government plan to provide compensatory housing to mill workers바카라 families, who are being displaced by the redevelopment, has fallen short of promises thus far. Around 1.75 lakh-odd applications were received from mill workers바카라 families for compensatory housing, but only 18,000 homes have been allotted by the government so far. 바카라Several chief ministers have given the Samiti assurances, but regime changes tend to bring their negotiations back to square one,바카라 he says.
In Mumbai, post industrialisation, families of former textile workers are being expunged from the city, whose mills have turned into shining oases of entertainment, leisure and commercial rentals. They simply can바카라t afford a place called home in Mumbai, the city whose guardians claim is being transformed into a Singapore or a Shanghai.
With John as company
In 1854, an enterprising Parsi businessman, Cowasji Nanabhoy, and Englishman Edwin Heycock lent ample girth to Bombay바카라s capitalist ambition. They set up the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company in South Bombay바카라s Tardeo. Back then, primarily Koli fisherfolk walked and sailed the seven isles, casting their nets to fish.
But for more than a century after Nanabhoy바카라s enterprise, it was the textile industry which cast a web of dreams over the city. Lure of steady wages from the sale and export of spun cotton, attracted villagers in the Konkan and Marathwada belt first and later from other parts of India, as the city attracted wave after wave of immigrants, who would spend their lives as mill workers. In many cases, their subsequent generations would too. By 1892, mill workers accounted for nearly 10 per cent of Bombay바카라s population.
There were 200 textile mills in the city by the early 1900s. The hungry mills, like large smoking dragons across Bombay바카라s skyline, would consume labour, just as easily it could consume bales of cotton.
But the mass migration to Bombay also gave rise to a new chain of urban dynamics. Housing for mill workers, sanitation facilities for the vast incoming population, schools for their children, medical aid, and urgent addressal. Communal riots were also reported in the city in 1893. Unhygienic living conditions led to the plague of 1896, claiming 20,000 victims.
Advent of chawls
In response, the city set up the Bombay City Improvement Trust in partnership with mill owners and came up with a solution to tackle the housing and sanitation crisis. Chawls were their answer.
Chawls were essentially small, one- or two-room tenements with a connecting passage built over several floors. A typical room in a chawl is roughly spread over 100 to 200 sq. ft, with a common set of toilets on each floor. The housing was low-cost and could host a large workforce.
Since most of the mills were located in south and central Bombay, chawls sprung up in areas like Girgaum, Tardeo, Byculla, Parel, etc. Bombay바카라s early chawls were constructed by mill owners in close proximity to the mill itself. By 1911, nearly 70 per cent of the city바카라s population lived in chawls or one-room tenements, according to official figures. Mill workers would trudge to and from their chawls on cue from a siren blast which announced the beginning and end of every work shift.
A chawl, especially rooms along one floor of a chawl, were like one large joint family cluster, whose members did not share the same DNA. Shakuntalabai Dhabekar, who is in her mid-seventies has had to learn a new language, Hindi, to settle into her new neighbourhood in Virar, a far-flung suburb. Her parents lived in a mill colony in Girgaum. Her father had migrated from western Maharashtra to work in a textile mill in Bombay. She married a mill worker and moved to Parel, a half-an-hour journey from her maternal home.
Now she has to move again because her chawl came under the redevelopment hammer. The developer offered her family Rs 25 lakh as a one-time compensation. The Dhabekar바카라s were left with no option but to move to Virar where accommodation was cheaper. From the city바카라s heart, the family moved to its far-off limb and bought a 225-square-feet house. Shakuntalabai misses the famed kinship fostered by semi-collective living in her chawl. She had her neighbours to share their homes, food, worries, tears, happiness and festivities. Everyone opened their hearts, purses and homes for engagements, weddings, children바카라s birthdays, death rituals, etc. Since Shakuntalabai바카라s new neighbourhood comprises largely of a working population, many of the doors remain shut through the day. 바카라I do not know what to do. I want to go back to the chawl. It is very lonely here,바카라 she tells Outlook.
Bombay바카라s chawls have seen generations spawned and reared and have also inspired films, TV serials and sub-genre of both existential as well as comic literature. It was this mass working population, packed in small spaces, which was also tapped by Lokmanya Tilak to defy a British administration ban on public assembly by organising a public celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi at the Keshavji Naik chawl near Charni Road, in 1893. Chawls have also served as a chaotic, yet nostalgic backdrop for several commercial and art films like Katha, Black Friday, Vaastav and Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman.
The Dagdi chawl in Byculla is home to Arun Gawli, once a feared underworld don. The old housing structure, home to around 300 residents, is on the verge of being redeveloped, with two 40-storey skyscrapers likely to replace the chawl cluster, from where Gawli ran his writ through the 바카라80s to 바카라90s.
Strikes begin
Increased industrialisation also led to social inequity, and the numerically superior textile mill workers were at the forefront of the struggle for better working conditions in the growing city. As a result, Mumbai바카라s textile sector witnessed its first major strike in 1928-29, which lasted five months. From 1928 to 1938, the city witnessed an estimated 460 strikes, very few of which were successful.
By 1970-80s, there was a growing unease in the textile industry, as big players used technology to edge out competition, switching from handlooms to power-looms, which required a lesser workforce. The roots of the 1982 mill workers strike, which was to change Bombay forever, was a workers바카라 demand for 20 per cent bonus from Standard Mills.
One could smell the clash coming in renowned Mumbai poet late Narayan Surve바카라s poetry. His poem, Char Shabd (A Beginning), translated by a Mumbai-based collective, positioned a struggle where a swashbuckling worker would emerge as the hero.
The struggle for the daily bread is an everyday question
At times outside the gate, at times inside
I바카라m a worker, a flaming sword
Listen, you intellectuals! I바카라m going to commit a crime...
I haven바카라t arrived alone; the epoch바카라s with me
Beware; this is the beginning of the storm
I바카라m a worker, a shining sword
Listen, you intellectuals! A crime바카라s about to happen.
Datta Samant steps in
The man destined to wield the shining sword and lead textile workers from the front was Datta Samant, a qualified doctor originally from Ratnagiri. His patients were mill workers, through whom he understood the pulse of the city. Affiliated to the Congress-based Indian National Trade Union Congress, he had already successfully negotiated better deals for workers from management in the pharmaceutical, electronics and engineering sectors.
Samant바카라s call for a strike on January 18, 1982 was supported by nearly 2.5 million mill workers. The demands included wage increase, permanent employment status for (badli) casual workers and better leave structure, among others. With agitating workers on the city바카라s streets, Bombay fell as silent as its mills.
The stand-off between the union leader and workers and the city establishment and mill owners, drew a memorable quote from Maratha political strongman Sharad Pawar, then in the Congress. 바카라If Datta Samant wins, then it will be Waterloo for the industrialists of Bombay, and if the mill owners win, then it will be the Waterloo for Dr. Samant,바카라 he told New York Times in 1982.
Ghag, a former Swan Mills employee and Samant바카라s close associate, has a theory for the seemingly never-ending stand-off, which eventually dealt a crippling blow to the mill workers, owners, the city which nurtured both, and Samant himself. 바카라바카라The government was not keen on it. There was a reason. If Datta Samant had succeeded in the battle for the rights of mill workers, he would have been in a position to take on the sugar lobby next,바카라 says Ghag.
In the mid- to late-20th century, the sugar industry was to western Maharashtra what the textile industry was, in the late-19th and early-20th century. A powerful entity, which brooked no stopping. Initially, neither side blinked. But as the strike dragged on for six months and left them without wages, the workers panicked and blinked. 바카라After six months, the question of livelihood arose. We had no money. How much could Datta Samant do? There was a time during the strike when Samant wanted to accept the offer of Rs 75 increase in wages, against the demand for a minimum Rs 250 raise,바카라 Ghag claims, adding that some unions dissuaded him from doing so.
The strike failed. So did the hopes of around 75,000 workers who lost their jobs. Many mills shut down during the period. The ghost of the failure of one of the largest strikes in the country, continues to hang over the city.
Redevelopment woes
Ghag and thousands of mill workers, who fought for better pay and work conditions are now involved in another struggle. The right to housing, in a city with little space. The chawls are being knocked down one after the other, under controversial city redevelopment schemes. And the story of every demolished chawls begins with a dream of money and new housing sold by the government, with a real estate company in tow.
For 88-year-old Pandharinath Sawant, an independent writer, redevelopment is not a welcome word. He has lived in the Digvijay Mills Patra Chawl in Lalbaug since he was eight years old. Sawant tells Outlook that he would rather die in his 225-sq ft home than move out of the area. 바카라This is my home. They take away our homes under the guise of redevelopment and once we move out, they will build a highrise here. Development has not been kind to the Marathi manoos, it has taken away our homes,바카라 Sawant tells Outlook. Arvind Sawant, the south Mumbai MP says, that 바카라affordability and expansion of the family are the main factors for this바카라For sons-of-the-soil, the new housing is beyond their means. That바카라s the reason for them moving to the suburban areas of Mumbai, Thane, Dombivli, Badlapur, etc.바카라 Another plan to redevelop Dharavi slums into a world class business centre with high-rise residential colonies appears to have hit rough waters for now, along with several other projects.
The end of Datta Samant
And what finally happened to Datta Samant? Samant went on to win the 1984 elections from Bombay South-Central as an independent candidate. But in one of his last interviews, he said he sometimes felt that his life was a failure. 바카라You see바카라 the problem with workers in our country is that they are selfish. They are only concernedwith their family. They are not interested in spreading the movement. I tell all my workers to spread the movement. But they are only interested in making more money, drinking all night, and enjoying themselves. So how then, do you expect change in this country? India has no future. Sometimes I feel that my life is a failure,바카라 Samant was quoted as saying.
Thirteen years later, he was shot dead in broad daylight by gunmen. The police pointed fingers at underworld don Chhota Rajan.
(This appeared in the print edition as "Mills and Boom")
Haima Deshpande & Mayabhushan Nagvenkar
