Children In War-Ravaged Syria: The Hidden Costs Of The Long Civil War

Just a year after Alan became the face of the war, in 2016, the photograph of another child바카라� five-year-old Omran Daqneesh from Aleppo바카라�made international headlines. The image of the Syrian boy covered head to toe in a thick layer of dust, his face bloodied, and him looking stunned and dazed as he sat in a bright orange chair brought new attention to the Syrian conflict.

Nobody could have predicted in 2016 that the war would go on for another couple of years. It has now earned the status of 바카라�ongoing바카라�.

Alan and Omran are among the millions who have suffered in the war. The United Nations Human Rights Office estimated in 2022 that 306,887 civilians were killed between March 2011 and March 2021. It said 143,350 civilian deaths were individually documented by various sources, and that a further 163,537 deaths were estimated to have occurred using statistical techniques. At least 27,126 of those estimated to have been killed were children. The numbers did not include civilians who died due to the loss of access to healthcare, food, clean water and other essential human rights.

In addition, as per the UN, more than half of Syria바카라�s pre-war population of 22 million have had to flee their homes. Some 6.8 million are internally displaced, with more than two million living in tented camps with limited access to basic services. Another six million are refugees or asylum-seekers. At the start of 2023, the UN said 15.3 million people inside Syria were in need of some form of humanitarian assistance바카라�an all-time high since the war began.

The Beginning of the War

The pro-democracy protests against President Bashar al-Assad바카라�s authoritarian regime바카라�in place since Assad바카라�s father Ḥafiz al-Assad became president in 1971바카라�erupted in 2011. The conflict stemmed from a collective urge for political reform and social justice.

It was in the impoverished drought-stricken rural province of Darʿā that the first major protests occurred. A group of children had been arrested and tortured by the authorities for writing anti-regime graffiti. Locals took to the street. Security forces responded harshly, conducting mass arrests and sometimes firing on demonstrators. The violence of the regime바카라�s response led to similar protests across the country.

The uprising and the regime바카라�s response had a sectarian dimension. Many of the protesters belonged to the country바카라�s Sunni majority, while the ruling Assad family were members of the country바카라�s ʿAlawite minority바카라�who also dominated the security forces and the irregular militias that carried out some of the worst violence against protesters and suspected regime opponents.

As the conflict progressed, sectarian divisions hardened, and the regime responded with heavier force. In some cases, this meant encircling cities or neighbourhoods with tanks, artillery, and attack helicopters and cutting off utilities and communications. In response, some protesters began to take up arms against the security forces.

Involvement of Global Powers

Early on, Syria바카라�s regional neighbours and the global powers began to split into pro and anti-Assad camps. The United States and the European Union were increasingly critical of Assad바카라�s crackdown. An anti-Assad bloc consisting of Qatar, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia formed in the second half of 2011. Iran and Russia바카라�Syria바카라�s long-standing allies바카라�continued their support.

Failure of Peace Talks

The first-ever peace talks were launched by the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland in 2012. The final resolution of the first Geneva talks allowed the parties to discuss Assad바카라�s removal during a transition period. This failed. The second UN-brokered talks collapsed in 2017 when the Syrian regime delegation refused to discuss the constitutional process.

The second major peace talks happened in the Kazakh capital of Astana in 2016. Astana yielded more results than Geneva as Iran, Russia and Turkey agreed on 바카라�de-escalation zones바카라�. The Syrian regime, however, continued its air strikes on these zones.

In 2018, Russia launched a new series of talks in Russia바카라�s Sochi. The talks mainly focused on the future of Syria, a possible constitution and a roadmap to create a demilitarised zone.

The Present Situation 

Launching its latest report in September 2024, the UN Syria Commission of Inquiry warned that fighting has intensified along multiple frontlines of the Syrian conflict. Heightened regional tensions stemming from the conflict in Palestine have led to intensified Israeli airstrikes targeting Iranians, causing civilian casualties.

Humanitarian Crisis: Children Worst Affected

From enduring the trauma of displacement and exposure to poverty to being victims of child abuse, and domestic violence바카라�children pay the price of war in Syria in countless ways.

As per UNICEF, more than seven million children are in need for humanitarian assistance, more than 2.4 million children aged five-17 years are out of school and more than 7,000 schools are destroyed or damaged.

바카라�Frequently experiencing violent incidents, including bombings, armed confrontations, and acts of terrorism act as potent predictors of PTSD, leading to symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and severe anxiety,바카라� says Smaranika Tripathy, Consultant Clinical and Rehabilitation Psychologist at Kolkata바카라�s Belle Vue Clinic.

바카라�Observing the death or severe injury of family members, peers, or other significant individuals has profound psychological repercussions,바카라� she adds.

Elaborating on the correlation between depression, anxiety and war, Anirban Ray, a National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) alumnus, says: 바카라�The fear of the future and uncertainty while staying in a war zone often lead to hypervigilance, depression, and anxiety. The loss of hope and lack of confidence are the most common causes behind depression and anxiety in warzone children.바카라�

He adds: 바카라�Children residing in war zones are insecure, unhappy, and irritable. They are growing up in an atmosphere where humanity is not respected. They don바카라�t get any chance to experience mutual support, peace, kindness, and calmness.바카라�

Although on paper, children are protected against sexual abuse under Article 34 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), instances of sexual violence have been very common in Syria. According to the UN Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SRSG-SVC), several instances of sexual violence have been reported during detention, at checkpoints, and during house searches in Syria.

For those who have taken refuge in the neighbouring countries, it is an even more difficult battle owing to the problems associated with the psychosocial adjustment of the Syrian children in the neighbouring countries.