If medieval Indian history has one big what-if question, it바카라s this: what if Dara Shikoh had become emperor instead of Aurangzeb? There바카라s now a gap between the words 바카라Mughal바카라 and 바카라Indian바카라 in the popular mind바카라a gap not sustained in history. In the common telling of India바카라s past, 바카라Mughal바카라 is the name of things built over a land. This idea has been there only since the British: it was born with them. It바카라s their idea of history that was built over the land. What happened before that was more complex. A meeting of soils, one that produced a natural petrichor, a deeply civilisational aroma that travelled, without leaving a clear sign of its origin. India, as the West got to know it during the colonial age, was transformative for the West. And a key figure mediating that encounter was Dara Shikoh. But where was Dara Shikoh himself? He had vanished into the bone-dry dust of the Doab.
No actor is yet known for portraying him. No Mughal-e-Azam was made for him (though Karan Johar has recently threatened to try). Nor was any political movement waged against him. None was needed, of course. What would you protest against? The translation he steered of the Upanishads? That바카라s what travelled westward, an army of a subtler kind. The intellectual history of the West would have been different. But Dara Shikoh himself fell off the map in 1659바카라apparently beheaded on his own brother Aurangzeb바카라s order.
A portrait of Dara Shikoh
He vanished so completely in fact that, even over 300 years after his death, his exact place of burial remains a mystery. Evidence in history is often coloured in grey, but there바카라s finally a new beam of light that potentially leads us to his interred body. Historical documents are often mutually contradictory on details. Was he beheaded? Were his head and body buried separately? Which contemporary record should be believed? What was Aurangzeb바카라s own attitude towards his brother바카라s grave? For all this, it has been a matter of some consensus that he was buried in Humayun바카라s Tomb. Only the exact grave was unknown, as the tomb has over 140 graves of different Mughal family members. No historian or researcher had yet managed to fine-tune the lens to afford us more close-range clarity.
Trying to fill that gap, ironically enough, is a government made up of a party not particularly renowned for its love of the Mughals. This February, just before India went into a lockdown and Delhi was dealing with deadly questions of history, the Union ministry of culture decided to try and unlock this big, magic door into the past. It did what governments do, setting up a seven-member committee of India바카라s top archaeologists to pinpoint Dara바카라s grave. Before it could do anything, the country-wide lockdown brought everything to a grinding halt. But some three months later, as life tried to resume, and the members were going to assemble, something else happened. Much to their surprise, Sanjeev Kumar Singh, a 49-year-old civil engineer from South Delhi Municipal Corporation, came up with a startling claim. He said he had spotted Dara Shikoh바카라s grave inside the Humayun바카라s Tomb.
Yes, you heard that right. Singh says one of the chambers on the first floor of Humayun바카라s Tomb has Dara Shikoh바카라s tombstone: it lies there, unmarked, along with two others, which belong to two sons of Akbar, Daniyal and Murad. How did a municipal engineer unlock a door that historians had not managed to even reach? Well, it was a labour of love that took him four years: he studied history, pored over historical documents, did everything a scholar would have done.
A fascinating hunt that has led to a strong claim. Strong enough to earn accolades from at least five members of the committee, which includes Padma awardee K.K. Muhammed, former director general, National Museum, Dr B.R. Mani and three ex-directors of the Archaeological Survey of India: Dr Syed Jamal Hasan, B.M. Pande and Ghulam Syed Khwaja.
So how did Singh find his way around in this unlit part of history? Before setting out on his hunt in 2016, Singh was aware of the popular belief바카라which even historians had accepted바카라that Dara바카라s grave was in Humayun바카라s Tomb. But beyond that, there was only anonymity. 바카라As a matter of religious principle, graves don바카라t have any concrete construction on the ground level. That바카라s why, in Humayun바카라s Tomb, the actual graves are beneath the plinth, right below the respective tombstones,바카라 Singh says. With material evidence unclear, he needed documentary and literary proof. So he read up on all the details available online on the architecture and design of Mughal gravestones바카라from Babur바카라s in Kabul to Bahadur Shah Zafar바카라s in Rangoon. Then, he pored over the chronicles left by travellers and historians. Next, he went over official Mughal documents and biographies바카라a goldmine of information, even if not self-sufficient as evidence. 바카라Many prominent Mughal figures have their burial grounds in Pakistan.바카라 Jahangir, Nur Jahan, Asaf Khan,바카라 says Singh. He scanned the dargah complex at Nizamuddin, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki바카라s grave in Mehrauli, Akbar바카라s tomb at Sikandra, the Safdarjung Tomb, Itimad-ud-Daulah바카라s grave in Agra (one of the prototypes of the Taj), and Taj Mahal itself. And he started seeing patterns: a clear distinction between graves made for males and females, local variations within the same time-frame, and a natural diachronic evolution across the Mughal period.
Contemporary chronicles from the three well-known Western travellers who saw India that time바카라François Bernier, Jean Baptiste Tavernier and Niccolo Manucci바카라were a natural source of reference for Singh. But like with everything else, he got only clues. According to Manucci, Dara바카라s head was buried at the Taj in Agra, and his body at Humayun바카라s Tomb. Bernier writes of a beheading and a burial at Humayun바카라s Tomb. Tavernier talks only of the beheading. 바카라Three different versions, but I placed more reliance on Bernier as he was present in Delhi,바카라 says Singh.
The literature also opened up new aspects of Dara바카라s personality: including the common perception that Dara was a kind of soft counterpart to the harsh Aurangzeb. 바카라When I read Bernier, I came to know that at times he was short-tempered, rude and arrogant with people who used to question him,바카라 says Singh. It바카라s a disputed point among historians, but it adds depth to what바카라s otherwise only calendar art. More granularity came to Singh via memoirs such as Amal-i Salih (penned by calligraphist and Shah Jahan바카라s official biographer Muhammad Saleh Kamboh), Alamgir Namah by Aurangzeb바카라s handpicked early chronicler Mirza Muhammd Kazim, Maasir i Alamgiri by Saqi Mustad Khan, Muntakhab-al Lubab by Muhammad Hashim Khafi Khan, and Tarikh-i-Farahbakhsh by Muhammad Faiz Bakhsh. Then there were the modern works: Military Memoirs by George Thomas, Wanderings of a Pilgrim by Fanny Parkes, Rambles and Recollections by William Sleeman, Archaeology and Monumental Remains of Delhi by Stephen Carr바카라right up to the Memoirs of the ASI by Maulvi Muhammad Ashraf Husain.
The tahkhana that holds Dara바카라s grave
One challenge was language: most original Mughal chronicles are in Persian. 바카라I did face this problem. I know a little bit of Urdu바카라so I managed to narrow down my search because of the common alphabet, and then took those portions to Dr Aleem Ashraf Khan, head of the Persian department in Delhi University,바카라 Singh says. The most vital clue came from Alamgir Namah, which contained the words, 바카라His body was taken to Humayun바카라s Tomb and buried in the basement chamber (tahkhana) below the dome, where Daniyal and Murad, Akbar바카라s son, lay buried....바카라 The clearest reference, yet inconclusive. Singh had to proceed to architecture. 바카라Once I narrowed down my search to 바카라below the dome바카라 of Humayun바카라s Tomb, I studied the design aspects of each and every tombstone in the chambers under the dome on the first floor,바카라 he says. That helped him zero in on one of the chambers. It had three 바카라male바카라 tombstones. The torchlight was finally closing in. Here were Akbar바카라s two sons, Murad Mirza and Daniyal Mirza, buried in 1599 and 1605 respectively, and perhaps Dara바카라whose burial came half a century later, in 1659. The sequence was logical. Murad, who died first, occupied the middle, so Daniyal took one end. Therefore Dara had to be accommodated near the entrance, the other end.
바카라If you enter the chamber on the first floor, you find Dara바카라s as the last tombstone. But if you visit the basement, where the actual graves are, the first grave is of Dara because the entrance is on the opposite,바카라 Singh says. How is that conclusion warranted? Because Murad and Daniyal바카라s graves are almost similar바카라a time gap of only six years. The third is distinctively different. 바카라As we move closer to the date of Dara바카라s burial, we find similarities among gravestones constructed around that time,바카라 says Singh. 바카라For instance, the cenotaphs of Akbar바카라s half-brother, Mirza Aziz Kokaltash, laid out in 1624, Itimad-ud-Daulah바카라s grave in Agra laid in 1622 and Nur Jahan바카라s in 1645 in Lahore bear some resemblance with Dara바카라s, despite local differences.바카라
An artwork depicts Dara Shikoh바카라s wedding procession
Singh바카라s work is now with the experts, and most of them are endorsing it. Says the old ASI hand and Padma awardee, K.K. Muhammed, 바카라Even I wasn바카라t aware of so many historical and architectural facts. He has churned out the essence from the available resources.바카라 Ghulam Syed Khwaja, who was director, epigraphy, at ASI, too says, 바카라He has done serious and pioneering research.바카라 Dr Mani finds it 바카라convincing and worthwhile바카라. Pande and Syed Jamal Hasan, both eminent archaeologists, second those views.
But finding Dara has long been a challenge. One that Supriya Gandhi of Yale University, author of The Emperor Who Never Was (2019), the latest historical work on Dara, is well aware of. She hasn바카라t seen Singh바카라s research work yet. But she wrote to Outlook on email about previous attempts to identify Dara바카라s tombstone, including ones that relied on oral traditions. The late Dr Yunus Jaffery, for instance, had his own hypothesis. 바카라There is evidence that his grave had a visible tombstone, news reports from Aurangzeb바카라s court suggest this,바카라 she says. 바카라But it is hard on the basis of literary evidence to identify its exact location.바카라 The textual evidence is indeed short of conclusive. 바카라The Amal-i Salih gives a metaphorical account of a Quranic verse inscribed on the gate of Time, which other sources have misread and taken literally. The Alamgir Namah merely mentions Dara was buried in the same place as Murad and Daniyal바카라it does not give the precise location,바카라 she adds.
Thing is, there are five tahkhanas (basements) under the dome in Humayun바카라s Tomb바카라their corresponding chambers are on the first floor, which accommodates eleven cenotaphs, six of women and five of men. Humayun바카라s own is one of the five male cenotaphs, located in the central chamber (No. 1). The south-west chamber (No. 4) has cenotaphs of a man and a woman, chambers 2 and 3 are reserved for women. And three men rest in the north-west one, Chamber 5. Three men, under the dome바카라both the requirements mandated by Alamgir Namah. The corresponding tahkhana below too is a close fit for the three shahzadas. The cenotaph numbered 바카라3바카라 exhibits all the characteristics of Akbar바카라s period: the deduction that it belongs to Shahzada Murad, who died on May 22, 1599, is strongly warranted. The first to die, so centrally placed. Cenotaph No. 2, located towards the entrance or the eastern side, features the transitioning architectural characteristics straddling Akbar바카라s and Jahangir바카라s periods. Thus, Shahzada Daniyal, who died on March 11, 1605, is a decent guess. The third cenotaph, on the western side, has architectural features proper to Shah Jahan바카라s period. This is Singh바카라s Dara.
Gandhi isn바카라t completely convinced: she feels everyone has been looking for a group of three graves, but such a concatenation isn바카라t exactly spelt out in contemporary records. 바카라A search for three cenotaphs has guided their exploration. But there is nothing in the Alamgir Namah to suggest the tombstone must be one of three contiguous cenotaphs. Distinguishing features of 17th-century cenotaphs too has subjective elements, and may not lead to a conclusive answer,바카라 she says. There are other possible directions that history gives us, she says. 바카라For instance, the account from Aurangzeb바카라s court suggests the condition of Dara바카라s grave was deteriorating, which might mean it was exposed to the elements on the terrace outside instead of being located in the inner building. We cannot be absolutely sure,바카라 she told Outlook. She and other historians, of course, are in no doubt about the sheer seminal influence Dara had.
Prof Akhlaque Ahmad Ansari, a Persian expert at JNU, says Dara was in essence so anti-establishment that he was disowned by his own friends and contemporary scholars. But Dara was not alone in that grand cultural enterprise, where religion wasn바카라t quite the factor it became with British definitions of India. Knowledge was never circumscribed by identity before the British, says Ansari. 바카라Take Abdul-ul-Qader-Badauni, an orthodox Muslim who translated the Ramayana into Persian. It never courted any controversy. And orthodox Brahmins became great scholars of Islamic religious texts,바카라 he adds. That is the grave that India has lost, and is struggling to recover.
